On June 18, 2026, Cuba’s National Assembly — the country’s highest legislative body — adopted an extensive series of new economic measures. These decisions were made as Cuba confronts its deepest economic and social crisis since the 1959 revolution, largely caused by Washington’s relentless economic war for nearly seven decades, which the Trump administration qualitatively escalated this year. In discussions and debates on social media and elsewhere in Cuba, a number of supporters of the Cuban Revolution have referred to similar measures adopted in the early years of the Russian Revolution, known as the “New Economic Policy” (NEP). While some of the measures being taken in Cuba resemble the NEP, the situation facing Cuba today is very different. As a contribution to this discussion, we are publishing here an article on the NEP with a postscript sketching the main differences in the political situation faced by the Bolsheviks in the 1920s and those Cuba confronts today.